Resume of special issue
Biomechanical Analysis of Dynamic Head Loading During Various Types of Blows
prof. PhDr. Jiří Straus, DrSc., JUDr. Zdeněk Sadílek, Ph.D., Mgr. Filip Danko, Mgr. Lucie Filipenská
The extreme dynamic loading developed on a body is a situation when an attacker assaults a victim by fist, with a stone, a hammer, a baseball bat or another solid object. Forensic biomechanics studies the body tolerance to outer loading, it describes what type of a blow causes the brain tissue contusion or a bone fracture. The research focuses on the issue whether the assaulted person died immediately or whether he/she was alive for a particular period of time and whether it could have been theoretically possible to save him/her. Biomechanical analysis of selected head blows studies and describes the outer loading on a body for particular types of blows, it describes the course of the blow and its potential aftermaths on a human body. It also verifies the HIC criteria correlation and the seriousness of an injury for particular blows.
Key words: biomechanical analysis, head, dynamic loading, fist punch, forensic biomechanics, mechanical loading.
Commentbon a Personal Identification by Walking Rate
prof. PhDr. Jiří Straus, DrSc., doc. Ing. Jiří Jonák, Ph.D.
The paper summarises basic scientific approaches to the analysis of locomotion and identification of a person through the walking style. The authors accomplished an extensive research, a literal comparison, in which they analyse basic approaches of a personal forensic identification. The issue of a personal identification through walking is not a new matter, first applications date back to the beginning of the 90s of the 20th century. Forensic analysis of human locomotion is interesting for its application in the field of security, premises and persons protection. Forensic analyses sof current approaches suggest using basically two ways. The first way indicates the posibility to reduce a person`s movement on a wire model of the musculoskeletal system and its 3D movement modelation. The second way presents the movement analysis in sagittal level, observation of the body centre of gravity trajectory and angle changes in leg joints depending on time. The above mentioned paper meticulously explains a particular scientific asset. The authors publish a pilot research to determine the reliability of frequency in relation to personal identification.
Key words: personal identification, criminalistics, theft, security camera footage, height rating.
Human Injury Criteria Related to Extreme Dynamic Loading of Organism
prof. PhDr. Jiří Straus, DrSc.
An injury of a person arises at the moment when a biomechanical response exceeds the limit value and the biological system suffers irreversible changes. These changes result in the anatomical structure damage and normal functions of a human organism are disarrayed. This mechanism is called an injury mechanism. The forensic biomechanics has been striving over a long period to express this value mathematically and the professional biomechanical literature presents several approaches and also exactly expressible parameters (mathematical patterns) to express an organism tolerance to outer mechanical loading. The article introduces the main criteria of head injuries, criteria of origins of skull fractures and criteria of a serious brain damage and the criterion of a fatal injury.
Key words: biomechanics, head, dynamic loading, impact, Versace correction, injury parameters.
Domestic Violence in Later Life
doc. PhDr. Ludmila Čírtková, CSc.
The article deals with domestic violence in later life. The author distinguishes two dimensions of problem: domestic violence in later life and elder abuse. Methodological difficulties in empirical research of the phenomena are explain. Some recommendations for good intervention and victim support are discussed.
Key words: domestic violence, later life.
Psycholinguistic Profilig of a Case of a Series of Threatening ANONYMOUS Letters
Václava Musilová, PhDr. Jitka Veselá, Ph.D.
The article presents the application of forensic psycholinguistics, particularly the psycholinguistic profilig of a series of threatening letters by an unknown offender. On the basis of an analysis of a particular case, the emergence and development of preparing premeditated violent act is being illustrated and psychologically interpreted. The authors emphasise operational links and synergic effects of scientific work of a linguist and psychologist. The follow-up example of forensic psychology application justifies the integration of the forensic analysis of the text contents into the set of special psychological services used in criminalistics.
Key words: Psycholinguistic profilig, forensic linguistics, speech behavious, threatening anonymous letters (TAL), threatening motive, substitution motive, targetted aggression, murder-suicide type.
Using the Techniques of Neutralization by Offenders
PhDr. Marcela Moulisová, Ph.D.
A survey done on 370 prisoners (300 men and 70 women) examined their agreement with the five most usual techniques of neutralization (Sykes and Matzy, 1957), through which they can justify for themselves their criminal offence. Ten per cent of respondents did not have any need to justify their act in such a way, the others used some of the techniques. Most frequently they mentioned the technique of “Denial of responsibility”, and least frequently the techniques of “Denial of the victim” and “Appeal to higher loyalties”. The technique of “Condemnation of the condemners” had the greatest number of indecisive answers. Only few persons had a consistently “justifying” approach, i.e. they agreed with all the five techniques of neutralization.There were no statistical differences in the use of the techniques between men and women. It turned out that rather older men with higher education, not yet convicted and in prison for the first time, as well as those with a very long prison sentence had the tendency to justify less their illegitimate action.
Key words: crime, offenders´motivation to commit crime, survey, prevention, situational preventiv.
Research of Perpetrators According to the Types of Crime
doc. JUDr. Ivana Zoubková, CSc.
The article analyses the types of crime in connection with the knowledge of motives, stands and value range of perpetrators serving their sentences in prison. Their criminal activities are divided as follows: property crime, violent crime, drug crime, child neglect, obstructing the execution of an official decision and a barring order. The knowledge of perpetrators is usable within the situational prevention of property crime and they are possibly used in case of drug and violent crime. From the viewpoint of tertiary prevention the short-term prison sentences in case of criminals convicted of drug crimes or child neglect, obstructing the execution of an official decision and a barring order seem to be counterproductive.
Key words: situational crime prevention, tertiary prevention, property crime, violent crime, drug crime, obstructing the execution of an official decision, child neglect, criminal recidivism, penological recidivism.
New Knowledge Resulting from the Research Task: “Accuracy and Correctness of Detecting Low Concentration of Ethyl Alcohol in Exhaled Breath of Humans.”
doc. Ing. Jaroslav Suchánek, CSc.
The article describes the course of research task dealing with accuracy and correctness of detecting low concentration of ethyl alcohol in exhaled breath of humans. This task is especially aimed at detecting low concentration of alcohol in exhaled breath consequently after drinking drinks and eating food, especially sweets, that contain a small proportion of alcohol. Also some cosmetics have been assessed after their application. There have been presented some particular results obtained by experiment. The use of obtained outcomes within the police practice and potential revision of the legislation has been outlined, too.
Key words: alcohol, alcoholic beverages, breath alcohol analyzer, legislation, measurement accuracy, measurement correctness.
Comparison of Selected Aspects of the Legislation the Law on the Right (Freedom) of Assembly in the Czech Rebublic and the Federal Republic of Germany
Mgr. Lenka Burdová, Mgr. Alena Kročová
The paper is one of the outputs of partial solutions DVÚ 2/3. The paper was aimd on the comparison of selected aspects of the legislation the law on the right (freedom) of assembly in the Czech Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany which reflect the possibility that the German legislation confers individual Länder.
Key words: Extremism, Freedom of Expression, Prohibition of Assembly, Law on the Right (Freedom) of Assembly.
Legal Instruments to Regulate Marches and Demonstrations “Extremists” in Places Open to the Public
Mgr. Lenka Burdová
The paper evaluates the possibilities of legal institutions in the fight against extremism in the context of the statutory restrictions on the right to gather in public places, a term that is constitutionally guaranteed freedom of expression. Such a priori limitation occurs even when applying § 10 of Act No. 84/1990 Coll. On freedom of assembly. The author of options to disable Office Assembly before it takes place, based on certain factors, which correlated indicate potential assembly towards the law anticipated “objectionable” and challenges the applicability of the Institute in practice. It also points to some interpretation problems in the interpretation of § 10 paragraph 1 of Act No. 84/1990 Coll. On freedom of assembly, which reflects both Czech and foreign case law and opinions of practitioners?
Key words: extremism, freedom of expression, prohibition of assembly, Law of freedom of assembly.
Communication with the Public in Emergency Situations, with an Emphasis on Sociogenic Incidents: Regional Sources of Information About the Recommended Behavior in Large Scale Security and Public Order Disruptions
Mgr. Oldřich Krulík, Ph.D.
This paper attempts to briefly summarize the regional and local approaches to informing the public about proper behavior in situations where there is massive disruption of public order and safety (particularly with regard to the issue of terrorism and demonstrations). Mentioned are the outputs themselves as regional offices and regional bases of the Fire Brigade and some individual municipalities, or municipalities with extended powers.
Key words: emergency situations, communication, public, sociogenic incidents, demonstrations.
State of oil Emergency and Related Crime
Mgr. Lukáš Harazin, Mgr. Jiří Hruška
The article describes the role of the oil security in the security system of the Czech Republic. It concerns with all aspect of oil security. The authors analyze the State of Oil Emergency and its negative impact on society (related with the lack of strategic raw materials). The article is concentrated on the conduct of individuals that can be subsumed as the offenses that could occur due the promulgation of the State of Oil Emergency in the Czech Republic.
Keywords: Oil, oil security, State of Oil Emergency, State Material Reserves, regulation measures, criminal liability, crime.
Identification and Characterization of Selected Negative Social Phenomena as Possible Threats
Dr. Bc. Ján Šugár, CSc.
The paper presents the preliminary results achieved under the research project “Identification and characterization of selected sociogenic emergency events”. Using some tangible data related to the occurrence rate of negative social phenomena of a large proportion on the territory of individual regions and their perception as threats to the security of citizens, it has been shown which negative social phenomena may cause the greatest threats. In addition, the paper analyses the reasons behind the formation of negative social phenomena and contains some suggestions which may eliminate these factors.
Key words: social phenomenon, negative social phenomenon, threat.
Military and Police Engagement of the Czech Republic Outside the State Territory Under the Terms of the Contemporary International Relations Crisis
doc. JUDr. Vladimír Zoubek, CSc.
Constitutional and legal possibilities of dispatching the armed forces of the Czech Republic outside the state territory were dealt with particularly by the Constitutional Act No. 300/2000 Coll., which responded to the entrance of the Czech Republic into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on 12 March 1999. The contribution deals with both theoretical and practical, as well as political consequences, including international and legal denotation of constitutional issues of state sovereignty.It tries to analyse post-modern issues of human rights and global security in the field of law and security science.
Key words: Peace operations, international contractual obligations concerning common defense against aggression, a dispatch of Czech military forces outside the territory of the Czech Republic, state sovereignty issues, post-modern issues of human rights and global security in law and security science.
Co-Integration of Quarterly Time Series of Burglary Criminal Offences and Recorded Unemployment Rate in the Czech Republic
Dr. Zdeněk Kovařík, CSc.
The presented paper time series indicators of burglary criminal offences in the Czech Republic in correlation the with time series “recorded unemployment rate in the Czech Republic”. Applying the step-by-step method leads to conducting all necessary analytical tasks, which persuasively and preciously prove detection of co-integration links. With the application of programmes OxMetrics and AUTOBOX, there is carried out prediction of progress of burglary theft time series development till the end of third quarter of 2015. Above mentioned procedures of analysis of co-integration of dynamic time series might serve as a manual for a concerned person who is interested in similar type of analysis.
Key words: time series, static and dynamic time series, unit root test, static regressive analysis, dynamic regressive analysis, VAR models, residues, white noise, gaucho white noise, co-integration.
Analysis the Sphere of the Road Transport Offences
Mgr. Jindřich Komárek
The submitted article analyses the sphere of the road transport offences. The contribution deals with the initial theses formulating the research problem and the consequent option of methodology in carrying out the research task DVÚ 3/1 Analysis and possible development of particular police and safety problems.
Key words: research, road safety operation, traffic police service, driving offense, police power, ticket fines, driving offences categorization, traffic rules.
Impact of Alcohol and Distraction on the Human Reaction Time
prof. PhDr. Jiří Straus, DrSc., Mgr. Filip Danko
Reaction time research represents for the forensic biomechanics a very significant parameter. Its importance is related especially to evaluating of possible motor responses. Human reaction time is influenced by many factors and the most relevant are alcohol, drugs, age, distraction, fatigue or stimulus location. We examined the manner in which alcohol and distraction impacts the reaction ability of seven subjects. It was showed that reaction time of subjects inclined to be slightly impaired by higher blood alcohol concent (BAC) levels. On the other hand, under the same BAC level and simultaneously applied distraction of our subjects we detected strong prolongation of the reaction time.
Key words: reaction time, alcohol, distraction, complex motor response, forensic biomechanics.
Prüm Convention. Prüm Decisions – a new International System of International Data Exchange in the Field of Fingerprint Data
prof. PhDr. Jiří Straus, DrSc., pplk. Mgr. Jan Bureš Ph.D., por. Bc Dagmar Slobodzianová
The National Contact Point (NCP), designed for international data exchange in the field of fingerprint data, was established at the Institute of Criminalistics Prague. As of 1st of August 2011, the national AFIS system in the Czech Republic is requested by the other member states AFIS systems with the requirements for realisation of searching and fingerprint data verification (ten-print/fingerprint latent). On the base of the performed verification, the system sends the hit candidates to the member state that initiated the searching. NCP system also serves to requesting units within the Police of the Czech Republic fulfilling the tasks in criminal proceedings to submit an application for searching fingerprint data in the member states in the case when the hit in the national AFIS database was not found. The verification of such retrieved fingerprint data and finding the hit is within the remit of the NCP of the Czech Republic.
Key words: Prüm Convention, Prüm Decisions, NCP – The National Contact Point, fingerprint data, reference data related to fingerprint data, searching and verification data, AFIS, system subjects, personal and other relevant data.
Value Orientation of the Youth with in the Context of Criminological Research
rada pplk. PhDr. JUDr. Jana Firstová, Dr. Zdeněk Kovařík, CSc.
The authors of the article focused on measuring value orientations of current youth by the use of Shalom Schwartz method. Detecting preferences of particular values in case of children appears to be very important from the viewpoint of control mechanism efficiency of social and pathological phenomena possibly occurring in this age category. The measurement was carried out as part of research task No 3/4 “System analysis of risks of social reintegration of persons released from prison (protective education, protective treatment), that is part of the PA CR research project for the period 2011 – 2015.
Key words: values, value orientation, motivation, needs.
“Analyses of the Relevant Strategic and Analythical Documents in the Area of Integrity Tests in the Czech Republic”
pplk. JUDr. Josef Hrudka, JUDr. Benedikt Vangeli
The article deals for the purpose of research of existing integrity tests with the comparison of relevant analytical documents available, which are “The Analysis of the possibilities of introduction of integrity tests for other person in the public offices” from the year 2010 and “The Analysis of the posibility of the use of integrity tests in the legal order of Czech republic, proposal for means and conditions of its use” from the year 2003. The article compares the pertinent parts of both documents, analyzes its content and asses them from factual and legal point of view.
Key words: Integrity test, General inspectorate of security forces, Corruption.
Technical Means and their Use in Detection of Crime Activities with Extremist Under-Meaning
Ing. Zdeněk Švenda
Development in several last decades has resulted in great expansit and availability of modern technologies. Even the extremist Gross are able to use these technologies and that is why i tis neceséry for law enfocement authorities to acquire this knowledge. A number of methods and approaches which simplify work with a big amout of data of different origin and types, which can help in selection and orientation, have been developed. These are first of all process developed in the frame of artificial inteligence for ex. automatic processing of the soeech signal, automatic processing of the picture ETA. There are also several analytic tools, whitch were created according to the requirements of security forces and whitch help better than earlier analyse informatik and disclose new facts, kontext, relations and trends. Interms of law enforcement authorities there is a big reserve in thein use and in the approach to them.
Key words: modern technologies, artificial inteligence, automatic processing of the speech signal, automatic processing of the picture, langure model, key words detection, voice identification, face identification, registration plate identification, analytic tools.
Voice Identification in Forensic Practice
Ing. Zdeněk Švenda
Voice identification is the method the aim of which is to determine whether in two different recordings the same person is speaking. It is currently mainly used in forensic practice. It is possible to approach this problem in two diametrically different ways, so called subjective and objective way. Each of them has its advantages and disadvantages. Approximation of these approaches could create a new uniqe method. There are presently only two experts in the Czech Republic who address this issue. Unfortunately there is a very low awareness about this branch among law enforcement authorities.
Key words: voice, identification, forensic linguistics, automatic speaker identification, phonoscopy, human speech.
Ability of Specially Trained Dogs to Detect Nitromethane in the Mixture with Senzitizers
Ing. Ludvík Pinc, Ing. Robert Matyáš, Ph.D., Ing. Jiří Pachmáň, Ph.D., Ing. Jakub Šelešovský, Ph.D., JUDr. Martin Kloubek, Ph.D.
Nitromethane is readily available compound that can, however, pose real danger of abuse to commit terrorist attack. To detonate nitromethane by a blasting cap, it must be sensitized by adding sensitizers. The article describes an experiment focused on the ability of dogs to detect sensitized nitromethane after they have been trained to detect pure nitromethane.
Key words: nitromethane, detonation, sensitizers, detection, dogs, active odor signature.
Dog´s Ability to Identify Humans Scent After Being Exposed to Flowing Water
Ing. Milena Santariová, Bc. Andrea Písaříková, JUDr. Martin Kloubek Ph.D., Ing. Petra Vyplelová, Ing. Ludvík Pinc
The need to recover evidence from water is quite common in criminal investigation. The article deals with the possibility to collect human scent from such objects and with the ability of specially trained canines to match such scent samples with scent samples collected from detained suspects. During an experiment, designed as a blind one, it has been proved, that human scent can survive on submerged objects and can be later used for scent identification.
Key words: scent identification, water, evidence, human scent.
Science of Criminal Law and Juvenile Criminal Law
JUDr. Milan Šubrt, Ph.D.
The article deals with the problems of position of Juvenile Criminal Law in the system of science starting with the explanation of the terms science, system and subject of legal science and finishing with the science of Criminal Law. It specifies the term and subject of the science of Juvenile Criminal Law and defines Juvenile Criminal Law as pedagogical discipline stating that it includes the problems of criminal responsibility of juveniles, tort responsibility of children under fifteen years as well as legal protection of these persons.
Key words: science, legal science, criminal legal science, juvenilie criminal legal science.
Gross Negligence and Traffic Criminal Offences on Roads
JUDr. Miroslav Polcar, Ph.D.
The author deals with brief analysis of the merit of criminal offence in the context of road tradic, with special focus being paid to incurred outcomes of tradic accident, and in that respect culpability due to negligence. In the new Criminal Code there exists, in the case of negligent fault under Article 16 par. 2, new concept of gross negligence. In the paper the concept of gross negligence and gross violation of legal statutes is dealt with in detail and there is highlighted the absence of this feature in the context of the criminal offence unintentional endangering the safety of the public under Article 273 of Criminal Code.
Key words: tradic on land routes, tradic accident, Criminal Code, criminal offences in traffic, negligent fault, gross negligence, criminal offence of unintentional endangering the safety of the public.
Plant Drugs and Juvenile Persons
pplk. JUDr. Jiří Hruška
The present article deals with the relationship of to plant drugs, in particular cannabis plant (genus Cannabis). Author`s verify two hypotheses by a questionnaire consisting of 18 questions arranged in 5 thematic units: availability of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, its own experience with the narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, the risk of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, information on plant drugs and the level of legal knowledge. Public opinion survey was carried out on free educational institutions participated and 849 students (the respondents). The results obtained are all processed in the form of charts and highlighted in the final summary of the research.
Key words: drug, magic mushroom, legalization, medical purposes, marijuana, soft drugs, juvenile, narcotics drugs and psychotropic substances, possession of drugs, catha edulis, cannabis plant, hemp, THC, crime.
Report on the Ongoing Research Task No. 3/10 “Prospective Enhancement of Shooting Training”, Characteristics and Basic Challenges
plk. Mgr. Karel Kadlec, Ph.D.
The paper gives information on the partial research project č. 3/10 solved Department of professional training “Options perfecting firearms training” in 2012. This research project under the integrated scientific task No. 3 “Analysis and prediction of selected current police security issues” is part of the research project the Police Academy of the Czech Republic in Prague for 2011 – 2015.
Key words: effective shooting, penetration shots, wound efect, stopping effect, shooting range, stop the vehicle, gas weapons, ballistic efficiency, tactics of the police action, use of repressive resources, weapons and ammunition.
Establishing and Successes of Extreme Right in Europe and National Front in France
Mgr. Štěpán Strnad, doc. Dr. Ing. Štefan Danics, Ph.D.
The article discusses the process of extreme right political parties establishing in European democracies and differentiating between extreme right in the frame of post-communist and western European countries. In this point of view the article brings an interesting comparison and points out the differences in activities of extreme right political parties, which has not been published in the Czech academic sphere so far. The theoretical and methodological part is beneficial as well because it maps dominant attitudes to analyses of the place and role of extreme right parties in the politics of every single European country. Last but not least, the article analyses the activities and election results of National Front which represents an established extreme right subject in the French mature democracy. The part, dealing with the description of election results of European extreme right in 14 countries in which it holds parliamentary and executive seats, can be perceived as a kind of warning. In this point of view the idea of the rising success of extreme right in proportion to deepening crisis effects in democratic societies is confirmed.
Key words: extreme right, National Front, distinctive nationalism, populism, xenophobia, paternalistic social state.
What is Racism?
Mgr. Tomáš Kamín
The author gives questions concerning definitions and conceptions of racism. He shows that the authors differ in emphasis on diverse aspects and quality of their definitions. Belief, prejudice, bias, hate, discrimination, action, aggression, violence, power system, structure and ideology belongs to basic words used to describe what is racism. Because of diversity manifestations of racism, some authors do not speak about racism in singular form, but in plural one. Hence they write about racisms, not about racism.
Key words: racism, belief, prejudice, bias, hate, discrimination, action, aggression, violence, power system, structure, ideology.
How to Put Professional Ethics Into Practice or About Disobedience and Heroism as Key Aspects of Decent Conduct
PhDr. Mgr. David Krámský, Ph.D.
The professional ethics is a theoretical discourse. It is very difficult to account for or delineate theoretical assumptions of professional ethics. The author characterizes how is complicated to delimitate a concepts and notions, which we understand as clear. The author suggests to consider a conceptual view aiming at positive and practical explanation of professional ethics.
Key words: Ethics, Good, Ethics, Banality, Totalization, Dehumanization, Profession, Heroism.
Professional Morale or Professional Ethics? (an Attempt to Critically Review “Self-Evident Terminology”)
PhDr. Petr Nesvadba, CSc.
The author tries to refine key concepts which seem to be axiomatic building stones of the moral discourse: morality and ethics. Applying them on the police issues the author clarifies how is focused the claim of professionalism and how is focused the claim of ethics. The distinction of concepts has consequences for the answer for the question, which form should take cop’s competence and what we should to understand as an ethical competence. Author’s reasoning leads to examination of parameters of professional situation during perfomance of police duty, which is morally (and ethically) demanding.
Key words: Ethical competence, ethically demanding situation, ethics, moral competence, morally demanding situation, morality, professional ethics, professional morality.
Report on Progress of the Integrated Research Task 4/3 System of Management of Public Organizations
PhDr. Petr Jedinák, Ph.D.
The paper briefly discusses results of the research task System of Management of Public Organizations in 2012. Research task is the part of Research task Nb. 4 for 2010-1015.
Key words: research task, system of management, publications.
Specification of Good Governance Concept in Context of International and National Documents
doc. JUDr. Eva Horzinková, Ph.D., JUDr. Zdeněk Fiala
The article deals with the concept of good governance. In brief it approximates evolution of this concept, define the term good governance. Main part outlines the concept of good governance in conception of EU, the Council of Europe, ECHR and The Court of Justice of the EU. At the end authors deal with the enshrinement of good governance principles in legal system in Czech Republic.
Key words: Good governance, good governance principles, the right to good administration.
Outline of Genesis of the Legislation Short Term Administrative Ofences Proceedings
JUDr. Zdeněk Fiala, JUDr. Lidya Ottová
This article is focused on short-term administrative ofences proceedings in retrospective evolution since 1950. Their aim is to evaluate the genesis of the current legislation to carry out the analysis of possible developments de lege ferenda.
Key words: ofences, act of fines direction, act of command direction.
Basic Principals of Good Governance
JUDr. Zdeněk Fiala
The concept of “Good Governance” is still more often mentioned within the context of public administration and its fundamentals. There is no single and exhaustive definition of “Good Governance,” nor is there a delimitation of its scope, that commands universal acceptance. The term is used with great flexibility; this is an advantage, but also a source of some difficulty at the operational level. Depending on the context and the overriding objective sought, good governance has been said at various times to encompass: full respect of human rights, the rule of law, effective participation, multi-actor partnerships, political pluralism, transparent and accountable processes and institutions, an efficient and effective public sector, legitimacy, access to knowledge, information and education, political empowerment of people, equity, sustainability, and attitudes and values that foster responsibility, solidarity and tolerance.
This article identified and described fundamentals priciples, which public administratition should fulfil certain criteria posed in general on its regular execution as well. Specifically, we can speak about the following key attributes of good governance: rule of law, transparency, effectiveness, efficiency and economy, participation, responsibility and accountability.
Key words: Good Governance, principles of Good Governance.
Language Tests Moderation as an Integral Part of Language Tests Construction
PhDr. Vladimíra Zavázalová
The article deals with the didactic language tests moderation, which was one of the outcomes of the professional discussion at a seminar dealing with the construction and specifications of language tests. The seminar was held within a new project of MU in Brno called IMPACT which comprises a number of seminars concerning efficient language testing at colleges and universities. Moderation is a very important stage for the evaluation of particular language cempetences regarding the objectivization of evaluation of all concerned respondents.
Key words: language testing, evaluation, moderation.